Goravel Tutorial #2: Routing and responses

TaskFlow runs, but it does nothing yet. In this part we add routes, send back text, HTML and JSON, move the API routes into their own file, and move their handlers into a controller. Before we start, let’s set up a tool that restarts the server for you.

CodeStart from the Installation & Project Architecture code

git clone https://github.com/krishankumar01/goravel-taskflow
cd goravel-taskflow
git checkout part-01
cp .env.example .env
go run . artisan key:generate
docker compose up -d

Hot reload with Air

Right now you have to restart the server after every change. Air watches the project and restarts it for you.

go install github.com/air-verse/air@latest
air -v
  __    _   ___
 / /\  | | | |_)
/_/--\ |_| |_| \_
v1.67.4, built with Go go1.27.3

If go run . is still running, stop it with Ctrl+C. From now on, start the app with Air instead:

air

Air watches .go, .tpl, .tmpl and .html files. Change a route file, save, and the server restarts by itself.

Air’s settings are in .air.toml at the project root. This is the part that matters here:

[build]
  cmd = "go build -o ./tmp/main.exe ."
  delay = 1000
  exclude_dir = ["storage", "database", "tmp"]
  include_ext = ["go", "tpl", "tmpl", "html"]

delay is how many milliseconds Air waits after a save before it rebuilds. You can leave it, or set it to 500 to restart faster.

The route file

Open routes/web.go. Routes are registered through the Route facade, with a method per HTTP verb. The skeleton already has a few. The highlighted one returns the welcome page:

1
package routes
2

3
import (
4
  "github.com/goravel/framework/contracts/http"
5
  "github.com/goravel/framework/support"
6

7
  "taskflow/app/http/controllers"
8
  "taskflow/app/facades"
9
)
10

11
func Web() {
12
  facades.Route().Get("/", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
13
    return ctx.Response().View().Make("welcome.tmpl", map[string]any{
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      "version": support.Version,
15
    })
16
  })
17

18
  facades.Route().Static("public", "./public")
19

20
  userController := controllers.NewUserController()
21
  facades.Route().Get("/users", userController.Index)
22
}

It returns a view, an HTML template from resources/views.

The first argument is the path and the second is the handler. A handler takes a Goravel http.Context and returns an http.Response. Every handler in this series looks like this. The leading slash in the path is optional. hello and /hello are the same route.

Response types

A route can answer with plain text, HTML or JSON. Start with plain text:

19 collapsed lines
package routes

import (
  "github.com/goravel/framework/contracts/http"
  "github.com/goravel/framework/support"

  "taskflow/app/http/controllers"
  "taskflow/app/facades"
)

func Web() {
  facades.Route().Get("/", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
    return ctx.Response().View().Make("welcome.tmpl", map[string]any{
      "version": support.Version,
    })
  })

  facades.Route().Static("public", "./public")

  userController := controllers.NewUserController()
  facades.Route().Get("/users", userController.Index)

  facades.Route().Get("hello", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
    return ctx.Response().String(200, "Hello, world")
  })
}

Save, let Air restart, and check it with curl in a second terminal, since Air keeps the first one busy. The -i flag prints the headers too:

curl -i http://localhost:3000/hello
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8

Hello, world

The content type is text/plain. To send HTML instead, set the Content-Type header:

21 collapsed lines
package routes

import (
  "github.com/goravel/framework/contracts/http"
  "github.com/goravel/framework/support"

  "taskflow/app/http/controllers"
  "taskflow/app/facades"
)

func Web() {
  facades.Route().Get("/", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
    return ctx.Response().View().Make("welcome.tmpl", map[string]any{
      "version": support.Version,
    })
  })

  facades.Route().Static("public", "./public")

  userController := controllers.NewUserController()
  facades.Route().Get("/users", userController.Index)

  facades.Route().Get("hello", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
    return ctx.Response().String(200, "Hello, world")
    return ctx.Response().Header("Content-Type", "text/html").String(200, "<h1>Hello, world</h1>")
  })
}

Open localhost:3000/hello in the browser and the text shows as a heading.

For an API you usually want JSON. Json takes a status code and any value. A map is the simplest:

21 collapsed lines
package routes

import (
  "github.com/goravel/framework/contracts/http"
  "github.com/goravel/framework/support"

  "taskflow/app/http/controllers"
  "taskflow/app/facades"
)

func Web() {
  facades.Route().Get("/", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
    return ctx.Response().View().Make("welcome.tmpl", map[string]any{
      "version": support.Version,
    })
  })

  facades.Route().Static("public", "./public")

  userController := controllers.NewUserController()
  facades.Route().Get("/users", userController.Index)

  facades.Route().Get("hello", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
    return ctx.Response().Header("Content-Type", "text/html").String(200, "<h1>Hello, world</h1>")
    return ctx.Response().Json(200, map[string]any{
      "message": "Hello, world",
    })
  })
}

Reload /hello and you get:

{
  "message": "Hello, world"
}

There are other response types too:

File sends a file.
Data sends raw bytes with a content type.
Stream sends data to the client as it is produced.

Grouping routes under a prefix

Every API route in this series lives under /api/v1. If we ever make a v2, it can live next to v1, and apps that still call v1 keep working. Instead of writing the prefix on each route, put it on a group:

package routes

import (
  "github.com/goravel/framework/contracts/http"
  "github.com/goravel/framework/contracts/route"
  "github.com/goravel/framework/support"

21 collapsed lines
  "taskflow/app/http/controllers"
  "taskflow/app/facades"
)

func Web() {
  facades.Route().Get("/", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
    return ctx.Response().View().Make("welcome.tmpl", map[string]any{
      "version": support.Version,
    })
  })

  facades.Route().Static("public", "./public")

  userController := controllers.NewUserController()
  facades.Route().Get("/users", userController.Index)

  facades.Route().Get("hello", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
    return ctx.Response().Json(200, map[string]any{
      "message": "Hello, world",
    })
  })

  facades.Route().Prefix("api/v1").Group(func(router route.Router) {
    router.Post("tasks", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
      return ctx.Response().String(200, "task created")
    })
  })
}

Everything registered on router gets the prefix. POST is the method for creating things. We send real task data in a later part.

Testing with the HTTP client

You cannot make a POST from the address bar. Postman and curl both work. In this series I use the HTTP client built into GoLand, because the requests live in the project next to the code. Create requests.http in the project root:

### Create task
POST http://localhost:3000/api/v1/tasks

### Hello
GET http://localhost:3000/hello

Each request starts with ### and a name, then the method and the URL. Note the prefix on the tasks route.

Click the run icon next to a request and the response opens in the editor. In VS Code, the REST Client extension runs the same file. Commit it with the code, and everyone on the project gets the same requests.

Without GoLand, use curl:

curl -X POST http://localhost:3000/api/v1/tasks
task created

Named routes

A route can have a name. Your code can then find the route by its name instead of its path:

30 collapsed lines
package routes

import (
  "github.com/goravel/framework/contracts/http"
  "github.com/goravel/framework/contracts/route"
  "github.com/goravel/framework/support"

  "taskflow/app/http/controllers"
  "taskflow/app/facades"
)

func Web() {
  facades.Route().Get("/", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
    return ctx.Response().View().Make("welcome.tmpl", map[string]any{
      "version": support.Version,
    })
  })

  facades.Route().Static("public", "./public")

  userController := controllers.NewUserController()
  facades.Route().Get("/users", userController.Index)

  facades.Route().Get("hello", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
    return ctx.Response().Json(200, map[string]any{
      "message": "Hello, world",
    })
  })

  facades.Route().Prefix("api/v1").Group(func(router route.Router) {
    router.Post("tasks", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
      return ctx.Response().String(200, "task created")
    })
    }).Name("tasks.create")
  })
}

Ask the router about the route by its name:

22 collapsed lines
package routes

import (
  "github.com/goravel/framework/contracts/http"
  "github.com/goravel/framework/contracts/route"
  "github.com/goravel/framework/support"

  "taskflow/app/http/controllers"
  "taskflow/app/facades"
)

func Web() {
  facades.Route().Get("/", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
    return ctx.Response().View().Make("welcome.tmpl", map[string]any{
      "version": support.Version,
    })
  })

  facades.Route().Static("public", "./public")

  userController := controllers.NewUserController()
  facades.Route().Get("/users", userController.Index)

  facades.Route().Get("hello", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
    return ctx.Response().Json(200, map[string]any{
      "message": "Hello, world",
    })
    return ctx.Response().Json(200, facades.Route().Info("tasks.create"))
  })

6 collapsed lines
  facades.Route().Prefix("api/v1").Group(func(router route.Router) {
    router.Post("tasks", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
      return ctx.Response().String(200, "task created")
    }).Name("tasks.create")
  })
}

Open /hello and you see the route’s path, name, method and handler:

{
  "handler": "taskflow/routes.Web.func3.1",
  "method": "POST",
  "name": "tasks.create",
  "path": "/api/v1/tasks"
}

If the path changes later, code that uses the name keeps working.

Separate the API from web routes

routes/web.go is for pages, public files and test routes like /hello. API routes are easier to manage in their own file. Create routes/api.go:

package routes

import (
  "taskflow/app/facades"

  "github.com/goravel/framework/contracts/http"
  "github.com/goravel/framework/contracts/route"
)

func Api() {
  facades.Route().Prefix("api/v1").Group(func(router route.Router) {
    router.Post("tasks", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
      return ctx.Response().String(200, "task created")
    }).Name("tasks.create")
  })
}

Move the API routes out of web.go:

package routes

import (
  "github.com/goravel/framework/contracts/http"
  "github.com/goravel/framework/contracts/route"
  "github.com/goravel/framework/support"

16 collapsed lines
  "taskflow/app/http/controllers"
  "taskflow/app/facades"
)

func Web() {
  facades.Route().Get("/", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
    return ctx.Response().View().Make("welcome.tmpl", map[string]any{
      "version": support.Version,
    })
  })

  facades.Route().Static("public", "./public")

  userController := controllers.NewUserController()
  facades.Route().Get("/users", userController.Index)

  facades.Route().Get("hello", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
    return ctx.Response().Json(200, facades.Route().Info("tasks.create"))
  })

  facades.Route().Prefix("api/v1").Group(func(router route.Router) {
    router.Post("tasks", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
      return ctx.Response().String(200, "task created")
    }).Name("tasks.create")
  })
}

Gotcha When you save, POST /api/v1/tasks stops working, and there is no error message. The route is gone, so the answer should be 404 Not Found. The client gets 200 OK with an empty body instead, so it looks like the request worked. The only sign is the 404 in the server’s request log. /hello also returns empty fields until you register the file in the next step.

Goravel does not discover route files. You register them in bootstrap/app.go:

12 collapsed lines
package bootstrap

import (
  contractsfoundation "github.com/goravel/framework/contracts/foundation"
  "github.com/goravel/framework/foundation"

  "taskflow/config"
  "taskflow/routes"
)

func Boot() contractsfoundation.Application {
  return foundation.Setup().
    WithMigrations(Migrations).
    WithRouting(func() {
      routes.Api()
      routes.Web()
    }).
    WithProviders(Providers).
    WithConfig(config.Boot).
    Create()
}

One route table for the whole app. Send the request, then register api.go and send it again.

Until bootstrap/app.go calls routes.Api(), the route table has only the routes from web.go, and POST /api/v1/tasks matches nothing: the client gets 200 OK with an empty body and the server logs a 404. After routes.Api() is added, the request matches and the handler answers "task created".

Save again, then send the POST and open /hello. Both answer again. Every new route file needs a line like this in bootstrap/app.go.

Controllers

The create task handler is in routes/api.go. Every part adds routes, so the file would soon hold the whole API. A controller is a struct whose methods are handlers, and the route file keeps only the list of routes. The project came with one: UserController, behind /users in web.go.

Make one for tasks:

go run . artisan make:controller TaskController
 SUCCESS  Controller created successfully

It writes app/http/controllers/task_controller.go:

package controllers

import (
  "github.com/goravel/framework/contracts/http"
)

type TaskController struct {
  // Dependent services
}

func NewTaskController() *TaskController {
  return &TaskController{
    // Inject services
  }
}

func (r *TaskController) Index(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
  return nil
}

Gotcha The name you give becomes the type, and its snake_case form the file name. make:controller Task writes task.go with a type Task, so end the name in Controller.

A method takes ctx http.Context and returns http.Response, like any handler. Replace Index with Store, and move the create task handler’s body into it:

16 collapsed lines
package controllers

import (
  "github.com/goravel/framework/contracts/http"
)

type TaskController struct {
  // Dependent services
}

func NewTaskController() *TaskController {
  return &TaskController{
    // Inject services
  }
}

func (r *TaskController) Index(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
  return nil
}
func (r *TaskController) Store(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
  return ctx.Response().String(200, "task created")
}

Controller methods are named after what they do:

method	route	does
`Index`	`GET /tasks`	lists them
`Show`	`GET /tasks/{id}`	shows one
`Store`	`POST /tasks`	creates one
`Update`	`PUT /tasks/{id}`	changes one
`Destroy`	`DELETE /tasks/{id}`	deletes one

Point the route at the method:

package routes

import (
  "taskflow/app/facades"
  "taskflow/app/http/controllers"

  "github.com/goravel/framework/contracts/http"
  "github.com/goravel/framework/contracts/route"
)

func Api() {
  taskController := controllers.NewTaskController()

  facades.Route().Prefix("api/v1").Group(func(router route.Router) {
    router.Post("tasks", func(ctx http.Context) http.Response {
      return ctx.Response().String(200, "task created")
    }).Name("tasks.create")
    router.Post("tasks", taskController.Store).Name("tasks.create")
  })
}

NewTaskController runs once, when the routes are registered, so every request shares the one controller. Keep a request’s data in local variables, never in the struct’s fields.

The POST still answers task created, and /hello now names the method:

curl http://localhost:3000/hello

{
  "handler": "taskflow/app/http/controllers.(*TaskController).Store-fm",
  "method": "POST",
  "name": "tasks.create",
  "path": "/api/v1/tasks"
}

Go adds -fm to the name of a method used as a value.

MoreResource controllers: every route in one line

make:controller --resource TaskController writes all five methods from the table, and router.Resource("tasks", taskController) registers their routes in one line, with PATCH for Update too. See resource controllers.

That line is one entry with one name for all six routes, so the create route can’t be named tasks.create on its own. TaskFlow keeps one line per route.

Listing routes

To check which routes are registered, run:

go run . artisan route:list

  GET|HEAD     / ................................... taskflow/routes.Web.func1
  POST         api/v1/tasks  tasks.create › taskflow/app/http/controllers.(*TaskController).Store
  GET|HEAD     hello ............................... taskflow/routes.Web.func2
  STATIC       public ........................................................
  GET|HEAD     users ... taskflow/app/http/controllers.(*UserController).Index

                                                            Showing [5] routes

It prints every registered route with its method, path, name and handler. route:list leaves the -fm off. Run it when a route does not answer and you do not know why.

TaskFlow now has its first API route, in its own file and handled by a controller. It doesn’t read anything the client sends yet.